Timothy F. Kosinski

2021 May/June; 69(3):6.

Toni M. Roucka

2021 May/June; 69(3):8-9.

Nathan Dinsbach

2021 May/June; 69(3):10-14.

Gaurav Gupta 
Elliot V. Hersh
Katherine N. Theken

2021 May/June; 69(3):15-19.

Larry N. Williams
Purav Shah

2021 May/June; 69(3):20-22.

Tanya M. Gibson

2021 May/June; 69(3):78,80.

2021 May/June; 69(3):79.

João Henrique Rodrigues Rangel
Marcelly da Silva Faria
Thainá Caroline Silva D’Ajuda
Allison Frade Monteiro
Isabela Sandim Souza Leite Weitzel
Laís Regiane Silva-Concílio
Marina Amaral

An in vitro study evaluated the failure load and the shear bond strength of 4 block materials indicated for computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing of dental veneers: lithium disilicate, feldspathic ceramic, polymer-infiltrated ceramic, and nanohybrid composite. The polymer-infiltrated ceramic presented the best performance when bonded to enamel.

2021 May/June; 69(3):24-29.

Eugene G. Bestman
John K. Brooks
Behzad Mostoufi 
Nasir Bashirelahi

Electronic cigarette (EC) use is on a steady rise, leading to increased concerns about its safety with regard to systemic and oral health. The aerosols produced by ECs have been associated with respiratory, cardiac, and central nervous system disease as well as oral mucosal alterations. In addition, ECs may affect kidney and liver function. This article reviews the systemic and oral health concerns associated with EC use.

2021 May/June; 69(3):31-35.

Fereshteh Shafiei
Yasamin Ghahramani

An in vitro evaluation found that endodontic irrigation with sodium hypochlorite and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid had an adverse effect on the fracture strength of maxillary premolars, but presealing of the dentin surfaces of the cavity with self-adhesive flowable composite resin before irrigation significantly increased the fracture strength. 

2021 May/June; 69(3):37-41.

Caroline de Almeida Salles
Clóvis Lamartine de Moraes Melo Neto
Stefan Fiuza de Carvalho Dekon
Mariana Vilela Sônego
Fernanda Pereira de Caxias
Daniela Micheline dos Santos
André Pinheiro de Magalhães Bertoz
Marcelo Coelho Goiato

Comparison of the color stability and microhardness of polyethylene terephthalate glycol/thermoplastic polyurethane (PETG/TPU) and PETG occlusal splint materials after thermocycling and disinfection revealed that both materials demonstrated an increase in hardness after thermocycling and disinfection, and both showed similar color changes regardless of the disinfection method. Liquid soap proved to be the best option for disinfection of PETG/TPU and PETG, because the color change (ΔE* value) was acceptable for both materials.

2021 May/June; 69(3):42-45.

Fereshteh Shafiei
Yasamin Ghahramani
Hajar Farhadpour
Nasrin Asim

This study compared the effects of different combinations of adhesive bases and restorative materials on the fracture strength and fracture mode of maxillary premolars after mineral trioxide aggregate pulpotomy. Unlike glass ionomer cement/amalgam, all of the base/composite restoration groups partly restored the strength of pulpotomized premolars. The group with a short fiber–reinforced composite base demonstrated advantages in both fracture strength and fracture mode compared to groups with a resin-modified glass ionomer cement base.

2021 May/June; 69(3):46-51.

Adriana Cristina Zavanelli
Rosse Mary Falcón-Antenucci
Otavio Marino dos Santos Neto
Ricardo Alexandre Zavanelli
José Vitor Quinelli Mazaro

The effect of fiber post customization and laser application on the results of pull-out tests were evaluated using endodontically treated bovine teeth. Prepared root canals were divided into 4 groups: conventional fiber posts with or without laser application and customized fiber posts with or without laser application. The customization of fiber posts used for the restoration of pulpless teeth resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) greater pull-out test values, a thinner cement layer, and improved retention. 

2021 May/June; 69(3):52-56.

Karen Zemplenyi
James J. Closmann

This article describes a case of metastatic prostate cancer that presented as altered sensation to the gingiva, lips, and chin without radiographic evidence of mandibular pathosis on standard dental imaging. The patient’s cancer was thought to be well controlled with medical therapy but additional testing and imaging revealed widespread metastatic disease. This case reinforces the importance of including metastatic disease in the differential diagnosis.

2021 May/June; 69(3):58-60.

Chhaya Harinkhere
Sanket Hans Pandey
Pallav Mahesh Patni
Pradeep Jain
Swadhin Raghuwanshi
Saddam Ali
Sakshi Bilaiya

An extra root is called a radix entomolaris if it is located distolingually and a radix paramolaris if located mesiobuccally. This article presents 5 cases of radix entomolaris and radix paramolaris in mandibular molars and reviews the literature on these morphologic variations.

2021 May/June; 69(3):61-67.

Fatemeh Mollaverdi
Mohammad Bagher Rezvani
Mahshid Mohammadi Bassir
Sara Valizadeh

A finite element–based comparative analysis of functional stress patterns in composite resin veneers used for diastema closure was performed to determine the influence of factors such as the preparation design, proximal extension, loading level, and loading angle. Based on the results, a partial-preparation design is preferred when nanofilled composite resins are used for diastema closure. 

2021 May/June; 69(3):68-72.

Esra Bihter Gürler
Emre İriboz
Özlem Tuğçe Çilingir Kaya
Dilek Türkaydin
Hesna Sazak Öveçoğlu

This case-control study compared the expression of salivary cortisol, secretory immunoglobulin A, and oxytocin among individuals in 5 study groups: nonpregnant female pulpitis, pregnant female pulpitis, male pulpitis, healthy (nonpregnant) female control, and healthy male control. Oxytocin levels increased significantly in nonpregnant and pregnant women with pulpitis, while cortisol levels were significantly elevated only in pregnant women with pulpitis. The results indicate that acute dental pain during pregnancy can be considered a risk factor due to elevated oxytocin and cortisol levels.

2021 May/June; 69(3):73-77.

Mahkameh Moshfeghi
Fatemeh Tuyserkani

Undetected pulp stones can complicate root canal treatment. Knowledge about the prevalence of this anomaly in specific populations can improve endodontic treatment outcomes. The objective of this study was to use cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) to assess the prevalence of pulp stones in an Iranian subpopulation. In this descriptive, analytical, cross-sectional study, the CBCT scans of 150 (75 female and 75 male) patients aged 15 to 70 years were retrieved from the 2017 to 2018 archives of an Iranian university. A total of 4200 teeth were evaluated for the presence of pulp stones by a senior dental student under the supervision of an experienced oral and maxillofacial radiologist. The panoramic radiographic views were evaluated first, and then each tooth was evaluated on sagittal, coronal, axial, cross-sectional, and multiplanar views with 0.5-mm slice thickness. Data regarding the presence of pulp stones as well as the effects of age, sex, tooth type, and jaw on the presence of pulp stones were analyzed using independent t and chi-square tests. Of 4200 teeth, 571 had pulp stones, yielding prevalence rates of 13.6% in the studied teeth and 76.0% in the study population. The prevalence of pulp stones was higher in female patients, the mandible, anterior teeth, and the mandibular left quadrant. The mandibular left central incisor (tooth 24) had the highest (38.7%) and the maxillary left second premolar (tooth 13) had the lowest (1.3%) prevalence of pulp stones. The high prevalence of pulp stones in this study population suggests that dentists should consider the possible presence of pulp stones when planning endodontic treatment for Iranian patients. 

2021 May/June; 69(3):e1-e5.

Elbert da Costa Sampaio
Camila de Sousa Caneschi
Rodrigo de Castro Albuquerque
Sâmia Ornelas
Allyson Nogueira Moreira
Luís Fernando dos Santos Alves Morgan

A direct conservative technique with minimal removal of tooth structure was used to restore a severely discolored endodontically treated tooth in a 25-year-old man. The darkened substrate was masked with an opacifier prior to restoration with composite resin. Despite slight incisal wear and loss of brightness, the veneer still provided satisfactory function and esthetics 5 years after placement.

2022 May/June; 70(3):17-20.

Eftychia Pappa
Konstantinos Masouras
Vasileios Margaritis
Afrodite Kakaboura

An in vitro study evaluated the effect of saliva contamination of dentin on the marginal and internal adaptation of composite resin restorations. Saliva contamination that occurred after adhesive application negatively affected adaptation, but reapplication of the adhesive restored the adaptation values. 

2022 May/June; 70(3):22-26.

Fabrício Luscino Alves de Castro
Cláudia Cristina Braga
Ana Paula Albuquerque Guedes
Paulo Francisco Cesar
Flávia Bittencourt Pazinatto

This study examined the effect of oxygen-blocking gel (OBG) thickness and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) film fit on the irradiance from an LED source and the curing depth of a composite resin. Although no significant effects were found for curing depth, irradiance values were inversely influenced by OBG—the greater the OBG thickness, the lower the irradiance. The use of PVC film also reduced the irradiance.

2022 May/June; 70(3):27-32.

Alessandra Fernandes Gonçalves Pavan 
Jurandir Antonio Barbosa
Flávio Henrique Baggio Aguiar 
Roberta Tarkany Basting

This study compared the effects of regular and whitening dentifrices on changes in color and micromorphologic surfaces of ceramic orthodontic brackets following coffee staining. None of the dentifrices prevented the brackets from staining, but they did reduce the magnitude of color change. The regular dentifrice was the most effective at reducing color change. 

2022 May/June; 70(3):34-40.

Fei Yee Lim 
Nurulhuda Mohd

The treatment planning process for a patient with generalized advanced periodontitis (stage IV, grade C) is discussed in this case report, which also reviews the indications for retaining or extracting periodontally compromised natural teeth.

2022 May/June; 70(3):41-45.

Marlon Carvalho
João Marcelo Meireles Rodrigues 
Pâmela Leticia Santos 
Aline Oliveira 
Livia Sertori Finoti 
Rogério Margonar

The linear and angular deviations between planned and actual implant positions were assessed after a prototype surgical guide was used during surgery. Linear deviations in implant position increased significantly with each millimeter of implant depth (1, 2, 3, or 4 mm), but there were no significant differences in angular deviations.

2022 May/June; 70(3):46-50.

Matheus Sampaio de Oliveira
Paulo Victor Teixeira Doriguêtto
Bruno Salles Sotto-Maior
Karina Lopes Devito

The buccal bone and gingival thicknesses of maxillary anterior teeth with and without metal posts were measured on cone beam computed tomographic (CBCT) images. The CBCT images of teeth with metal posts showed alterations in bone and gingival measurements, suggesting a possible interference of metal artifacts.

2022 May/June; 70(3):52-55.

Allana da Silva e Silva
Ana Margarida Melo Nunes 
Pierre Adriano Moreno Neves 
Andréa Dias Neves Lago

These case reports describe the use of high-power diode lasers to perform 3 minor oral surgical procedures—biopsy, lingual frenectomy, and operculectomy—in 2 children. The operative time in each case did not exceed 5 minutes, no sutures were used, and no postoperative complications were reported.

2022 May/June; 70(3):56-59.

Lucas Lara 
Mateus Garcia Rocha 
Livia Rodrigues de Menezes 
Américo Bortolazzo Correr 
Mario Alexandre Coelho Sinhoreti 
Dayane Oliveira

The flexural strength and elastic modulus of different bulk-fill composite resin restorations were evaluated in specimens with or without a final layer of conventional composite of the same brand. The results indicated that a final layer of conventional composite can affect the mechanical properties of bulk-fill materials, but the effects are dependent on the type of conventional composite resin applied. 

2022 May/June; 70(3):60-64.

Aida Mehdipour 
Salva Khosroshahian 
Hesaneh Pourhossein 
Abolfazl Mohammadbeigi 
Alireza Karimi

Interviews, physical examinations, and an anxiety rating instrument were used to evaluate the prevalence of temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) and the association of TMDs with malocclusion and anxiety in children aged 6 to 12 years. The results showed significant correlations between anxiety and TMDs, malocclusion and TMDs, and parafunctional habits and TMDs. 

2022 May/June; 70(3):65-71.

Claudiôner de Oliveira e Silva 
Lawrence Gonzaga Lopes 
Érica Miranda de Torres 
Ricardo Antônio Gonçalves Teixeira 
Terezinha de Jesus Esteves Barata 
Andreia Assis Carvalho 
João Batista de Souza

A survey that included clinical scenarios was conducted to determine dentists’ reasons for replacement of direct composite resin restorations. According to respondents, the conditions most often warranting replacement were staining (esthetic property) and material fracture/retention (functional property). Replacement was the most frequently reported clinical decision, although repair was the FDI-recommended response for all the presented scenarios.

2022 May/June; 70(3):72-77.

João Henrique Rodrigues Rangel
Marcelly da Silva Faria
Thainá Caroline Silva D’Ajuda
Allison Frade Monteiro
Isabela Sandim Souza Leite Weitzel
Laís Regiane Silva-Concílio
Marina Amaral

An in vitro study evaluated the failure load and the shear bond strength of 4 block materials indicated for computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing of dental veneers: lithium disilicate, feldspathic ceramic, polymer-infiltrated ceramic, and nanohybrid composite. The polymer-infiltrated ceramic presented the best performance when bonded to enamel.

2021 May/June; 69(3):24-29.

Eugene G. Bestman
John K. Brooks
Behzad Mostoufi 
Nasir Bashirelahi

Electronic cigarette (EC) use is on a steady rise, leading to increased concerns about its safety with regard to systemic and oral health. The aerosols produced by ECs have been associated with respiratory, cardiac, and central nervous system disease as well as oral mucosal alterations. In addition, ECs may affect kidney and liver function. This article reviews the systemic and oral health concerns associated with EC use.

2021 May/June; 69(3):31-35.

Fereshteh Shafiei
Yasamin Ghahramani

An in vitro evaluation found that endodontic irrigation with sodium hypochlorite and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid had an adverse effect on the fracture strength of maxillary premolars, but presealing of the dentin surfaces of the cavity with self-adhesive flowable composite resin before irrigation significantly increased the fracture strength. 

2021 May/June; 69(3):37-41.

Caroline de Almeida Salles
Clóvis Lamartine de Moraes Melo Neto
Stefan Fiuza de Carvalho Dekon
Mariana Vilela Sônego
Fernanda Pereira de Caxias
Daniela Micheline dos Santos
André Pinheiro de Magalhães Bertoz
Marcelo Coelho Goiato

Comparison of the color stability and microhardness of polyethylene terephthalate glycol/thermoplastic polyurethane (PETG/TPU) and PETG occlusal splint materials after thermocycling and disinfection revealed that both materials demonstrated an increase in hardness after thermocycling and disinfection, and both showed similar color changes regardless of the disinfection method. Liquid soap proved to be the best option for disinfection of PETG/TPU and PETG, because the color change (ΔE* value) was acceptable for both materials.

2021 May/June; 69(3):42-45.

Fereshteh Shafiei
Yasamin Ghahramani
Hajar Farhadpour
Nasrin Asim

This study compared the effects of different combinations of adhesive bases and restorative materials on the fracture strength and fracture mode of maxillary premolars after mineral trioxide aggregate pulpotomy. Unlike glass ionomer cement/amalgam, all of the base/composite restoration groups partly restored the strength of pulpotomized premolars. The group with a short fiber–reinforced composite base demonstrated advantages in both fracture strength and fracture mode compared to groups with a resin-modified glass ionomer cement base.

2021 May/June; 69(3):46-51.

Adriana Cristina Zavanelli
Rosse Mary Falcón-Antenucci
Otavio Marino dos Santos Neto
Ricardo Alexandre Zavanelli
José Vitor Quinelli Mazaro

The effect of fiber post customization and laser application on the results of pull-out tests were evaluated using endodontically treated bovine teeth. Prepared root canals were divided into 4 groups: conventional fiber posts with or without laser application and customized fiber posts with or without laser application. The customization of fiber posts used for the restoration of pulpless teeth resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) greater pull-out test values, a thinner cement layer, and improved retention. 

2021 May/June; 69(3):52-56.

Karen Zemplenyi
James J. Closmann

This article describes a case of metastatic prostate cancer that presented as altered sensation to the gingiva, lips, and chin without radiographic evidence of mandibular pathosis on standard dental imaging. The patient’s cancer was thought to be well controlled with medical therapy but additional testing and imaging revealed widespread metastatic disease. This case reinforces the importance of including metastatic disease in the differential diagnosis.

2021 May/June; 69(3):58-60.

Chhaya Harinkhere
Sanket Hans Pandey
Pallav Mahesh Patni
Pradeep Jain
Swadhin Raghuwanshi
Saddam Ali
Sakshi Bilaiya

An extra root is called a radix entomolaris if it is located distolingually and a radix paramolaris if located mesiobuccally. This article presents 5 cases of radix entomolaris and radix paramolaris in mandibular molars and reviews the literature on these morphologic variations.

2021 May/June; 69(3):61-67.

Fatemeh Mollaverdi
Mohammad Bagher Rezvani
Mahshid Mohammadi Bassir
Sara Valizadeh

A finite element–based comparative analysis of functional stress patterns in composite resin veneers used for diastema closure was performed to determine the influence of factors such as the preparation design, proximal extension, loading level, and loading angle. Based on the results, a partial-preparation design is preferred when nanofilled composite resins are used for diastema closure. 

2021 May/June; 69(3):68-72.

Esra Bihter Gürler
Emre İriboz
Özlem Tuğçe Çilingir Kaya
Dilek Türkaydin
Hesna Sazak Öveçoğlu

This case-control study compared the expression of salivary cortisol, secretory immunoglobulin A, and oxytocin among individuals in 5 study groups: nonpregnant female pulpitis, pregnant female pulpitis, male pulpitis, healthy (nonpregnant) female control, and healthy male control. Oxytocin levels increased significantly in nonpregnant and pregnant women with pulpitis, while cortisol levels were significantly elevated only in pregnant women with pulpitis. The results indicate that acute dental pain during pregnancy can be considered a risk factor due to elevated oxytocin and cortisol levels.

2021 May/June; 69(3):73-77.

Mahkameh Moshfeghi
Fatemeh Tuyserkani

Undetected pulp stones can complicate root canal treatment. Knowledge about the prevalence of this anomaly in specific populations can improve endodontic treatment outcomes. The objective of this study was to use cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) to assess the prevalence of pulp stones in an Iranian subpopulation. In this descriptive, analytical, cross-sectional study, the CBCT scans of 150 (75 female and 75 male) patients aged 15 to 70 years were retrieved from the 2017 to 2018 archives of an Iranian university. A total of 4200 teeth were evaluated for the presence of pulp stones by a senior dental student under the supervision of an experienced oral and maxillofacial radiologist. The panoramic radiographic views were evaluated first, and then each tooth was evaluated on sagittal, coronal, axial, cross-sectional, and multiplanar views with 0.5-mm slice thickness. Data regarding the presence of pulp stones as well as the effects of age, sex, tooth type, and jaw on the presence of pulp stones were analyzed using independent t and chi-square tests. Of 4200 teeth, 571 had pulp stones, yielding prevalence rates of 13.6% in the studied teeth and 76.0% in the study population. The prevalence of pulp stones was higher in female patients, the mandible, anterior teeth, and the mandibular left quadrant. The mandibular left central incisor (tooth 24) had the highest (38.7%) and the maxillary left second premolar (tooth 13) had the lowest (1.3%) prevalence of pulp stones. The high prevalence of pulp stones in this study population suggests that dentists should consider the possible presence of pulp stones when planning endodontic treatment for Iranian patients. 

2021 May/June; 69(3):e1-e5.

Timothy F. Kosinski

2021 May/June; 69(3):6.

Toni M. Roucka

2021 May/June; 69(3):8-9.

Nathan Dinsbach

2021 May/June; 69(3):10-14.

Gaurav Gupta 
Elliot V. Hersh
Katherine N. Theken

2021 May/June; 69(3):15-19.

Larry N. Williams
Purav Shah

2021 May/June; 69(3):20-22.

Tanya M. Gibson

2021 May/June; 69(3):78,80.

2021 May/June; 69(3):79.

João Henrique Rodrigues Rangel
Marcelly da Silva Faria
Thainá Caroline Silva D’Ajuda
Allison Frade Monteiro
Isabela Sandim Souza Leite Weitzel
Laís Regiane Silva-Concílio
Marina Amaral

An in vitro study evaluated the failure load and the shear bond strength of 4 block materials indicated for computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing of dental veneers: lithium disilicate, feldspathic ceramic, polymer-infiltrated ceramic, and nanohybrid composite. The polymer-infiltrated ceramic presented the best performance when bonded to enamel.

2021 May/June; 69(3):24-29.

Eugene G. Bestman
John K. Brooks
Behzad Mostoufi 
Nasir Bashirelahi

Electronic cigarette (EC) use is on a steady rise, leading to increased concerns about its safety with regard to systemic and oral health. The aerosols produced by ECs have been associated with respiratory, cardiac, and central nervous system disease as well as oral mucosal alterations. In addition, ECs may affect kidney and liver function. This article reviews the systemic and oral health concerns associated with EC use.

2021 May/June; 69(3):31-35.

Fereshteh Shafiei
Yasamin Ghahramani

An in vitro evaluation found that endodontic irrigation with sodium hypochlorite and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid had an adverse effect on the fracture strength of maxillary premolars, but presealing of the dentin surfaces of the cavity with self-adhesive flowable composite resin before irrigation significantly increased the fracture strength. 

2021 May/June; 69(3):37-41.

Caroline de Almeida Salles
Clóvis Lamartine de Moraes Melo Neto
Stefan Fiuza de Carvalho Dekon
Mariana Vilela Sônego
Fernanda Pereira de Caxias
Daniela Micheline dos Santos
André Pinheiro de Magalhães Bertoz
Marcelo Coelho Goiato

Comparison of the color stability and microhardness of polyethylene terephthalate glycol/thermoplastic polyurethane (PETG/TPU) and PETG occlusal splint materials after thermocycling and disinfection revealed that both materials demonstrated an increase in hardness after thermocycling and disinfection, and both showed similar color changes regardless of the disinfection method. Liquid soap proved to be the best option for disinfection of PETG/TPU and PETG, because the color change (ΔE* value) was acceptable for both materials.

2021 May/June; 69(3):42-45.

Fereshteh Shafiei
Yasamin Ghahramani
Hajar Farhadpour
Nasrin Asim

This study compared the effects of different combinations of adhesive bases and restorative materials on the fracture strength and fracture mode of maxillary premolars after mineral trioxide aggregate pulpotomy. Unlike glass ionomer cement/amalgam, all of the base/composite restoration groups partly restored the strength of pulpotomized premolars. The group with a short fiber–reinforced composite base demonstrated advantages in both fracture strength and fracture mode compared to groups with a resin-modified glass ionomer cement base.

2021 May/June; 69(3):46-51.

Adriana Cristina Zavanelli
Rosse Mary Falcón-Antenucci
Otavio Marino dos Santos Neto
Ricardo Alexandre Zavanelli
José Vitor Quinelli Mazaro

The effect of fiber post customization and laser application on the results of pull-out tests were evaluated using endodontically treated bovine teeth. Prepared root canals were divided into 4 groups: conventional fiber posts with or without laser application and customized fiber posts with or without laser application. The customization of fiber posts used for the restoration of pulpless teeth resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) greater pull-out test values, a thinner cement layer, and improved retention. 

2021 May/June; 69(3):52-56.

Karen Zemplenyi
James J. Closmann

This article describes a case of metastatic prostate cancer that presented as altered sensation to the gingiva, lips, and chin without radiographic evidence of mandibular pathosis on standard dental imaging. The patient’s cancer was thought to be well controlled with medical therapy but additional testing and imaging revealed widespread metastatic disease. This case reinforces the importance of including metastatic disease in the differential diagnosis.

2021 May/June; 69(3):58-60.

Chhaya Harinkhere
Sanket Hans Pandey
Pallav Mahesh Patni
Pradeep Jain
Swadhin Raghuwanshi
Saddam Ali
Sakshi Bilaiya

An extra root is called a radix entomolaris if it is located distolingually and a radix paramolaris if located mesiobuccally. This article presents 5 cases of radix entomolaris and radix paramolaris in mandibular molars and reviews the literature on these morphologic variations.

2021 May/June; 69(3):61-67.

Fatemeh Mollaverdi
Mohammad Bagher Rezvani
Mahshid Mohammadi Bassir
Sara Valizadeh

A finite element–based comparative analysis of functional stress patterns in composite resin veneers used for diastema closure was performed to determine the influence of factors such as the preparation design, proximal extension, loading level, and loading angle. Based on the results, a partial-preparation design is preferred when nanofilled composite resins are used for diastema closure. 

2021 May/June; 69(3):68-72.

Esra Bihter Gürler
Emre İriboz
Özlem Tuğçe Çilingir Kaya
Dilek Türkaydin
Hesna Sazak Öveçoğlu

This case-control study compared the expression of salivary cortisol, secretory immunoglobulin A, and oxytocin among individuals in 5 study groups: nonpregnant female pulpitis, pregnant female pulpitis, male pulpitis, healthy (nonpregnant) female control, and healthy male control. Oxytocin levels increased significantly in nonpregnant and pregnant women with pulpitis, while cortisol levels were significantly elevated only in pregnant women with pulpitis. The results indicate that acute dental pain during pregnancy can be considered a risk factor due to elevated oxytocin and cortisol levels.

2021 May/June; 69(3):73-77.

Mahkameh Moshfeghi
Fatemeh Tuyserkani

Undetected pulp stones can complicate root canal treatment. Knowledge about the prevalence of this anomaly in specific populations can improve endodontic treatment outcomes. The objective of this study was to use cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) to assess the prevalence of pulp stones in an Iranian subpopulation. In this descriptive, analytical, cross-sectional study, the CBCT scans of 150 (75 female and 75 male) patients aged 15 to 70 years were retrieved from the 2017 to 2018 archives of an Iranian university. A total of 4200 teeth were evaluated for the presence of pulp stones by a senior dental student under the supervision of an experienced oral and maxillofacial radiologist. The panoramic radiographic views were evaluated first, and then each tooth was evaluated on sagittal, coronal, axial, cross-sectional, and multiplanar views with 0.5-mm slice thickness. Data regarding the presence of pulp stones as well as the effects of age, sex, tooth type, and jaw on the presence of pulp stones were analyzed using independent t and chi-square tests. Of 4200 teeth, 571 had pulp stones, yielding prevalence rates of 13.6% in the studied teeth and 76.0% in the study population. The prevalence of pulp stones was higher in female patients, the mandible, anterior teeth, and the mandibular left quadrant. The mandibular left central incisor (tooth 24) had the highest (38.7%) and the maxillary left second premolar (tooth 13) had the lowest (1.3%) prevalence of pulp stones. The high prevalence of pulp stones in this study population suggests that dentists should consider the possible presence of pulp stones when planning endodontic treatment for Iranian patients. 

2021 May/June; 69(3):e1-e5.

Timothy F. Kosinski

2021 May/June; 69(3):6.

Toni M. Roucka

2021 May/June; 69(3):8-9.

Nathan Dinsbach

2021 May/June; 69(3):10-14.

Gaurav Gupta 
Elliot V. Hersh
Katherine N. Theken

2021 May/June; 69(3):15-19.

Larry N. Williams
Purav Shah

2021 May/June; 69(3):20-22.

Tanya M. Gibson

2021 May/June; 69(3):78,80.

2021 May/June; 69(3):79.

João Henrique Rodrigues Rangel
Marcelly da Silva Faria
Thainá Caroline Silva D’Ajuda
Allison Frade Monteiro
Isabela Sandim Souza Leite Weitzel
Laís Regiane Silva-Concílio
Marina Amaral

An in vitro study evaluated the failure load and the shear bond strength of 4 block materials indicated for computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing of dental veneers: lithium disilicate, feldspathic ceramic, polymer-infiltrated ceramic, and nanohybrid composite. The polymer-infiltrated ceramic presented the best performance when bonded to enamel.

2021 May/June; 69(3):24-29.

Eugene G. Bestman
John K. Brooks
Behzad Mostoufi 
Nasir Bashirelahi

Electronic cigarette (EC) use is on a steady rise, leading to increased concerns about its safety with regard to systemic and oral health. The aerosols produced by ECs have been associated with respiratory, cardiac, and central nervous system disease as well as oral mucosal alterations. In addition, ECs may affect kidney and liver function. This article reviews the systemic and oral health concerns associated with EC use.

2021 May/June; 69(3):31-35.

Fereshteh Shafiei
Yasamin Ghahramani

An in vitro evaluation found that endodontic irrigation with sodium hypochlorite and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid had an adverse effect on the fracture strength of maxillary premolars, but presealing of the dentin surfaces of the cavity with self-adhesive flowable composite resin before irrigation significantly increased the fracture strength. 

2021 May/June; 69(3):37-41.

Caroline de Almeida Salles
Clóvis Lamartine de Moraes Melo Neto
Stefan Fiuza de Carvalho Dekon
Mariana Vilela Sônego
Fernanda Pereira de Caxias
Daniela Micheline dos Santos
André Pinheiro de Magalhães Bertoz
Marcelo Coelho Goiato

Comparison of the color stability and microhardness of polyethylene terephthalate glycol/thermoplastic polyurethane (PETG/TPU) and PETG occlusal splint materials after thermocycling and disinfection revealed that both materials demonstrated an increase in hardness after thermocycling and disinfection, and both showed similar color changes regardless of the disinfection method. Liquid soap proved to be the best option for disinfection of PETG/TPU and PETG, because the color change (ΔE* value) was acceptable for both materials.

2021 May/June; 69(3):42-45.

Fereshteh Shafiei
Yasamin Ghahramani
Hajar Farhadpour
Nasrin Asim

This study compared the effects of different combinations of adhesive bases and restorative materials on the fracture strength and fracture mode of maxillary premolars after mineral trioxide aggregate pulpotomy. Unlike glass ionomer cement/amalgam, all of the base/composite restoration groups partly restored the strength of pulpotomized premolars. The group with a short fiber–reinforced composite base demonstrated advantages in both fracture strength and fracture mode compared to groups with a resin-modified glass ionomer cement base.

2021 May/June; 69(3):46-51.

Adriana Cristina Zavanelli
Rosse Mary Falcón-Antenucci
Otavio Marino dos Santos Neto
Ricardo Alexandre Zavanelli
José Vitor Quinelli Mazaro

The effect of fiber post customization and laser application on the results of pull-out tests were evaluated using endodontically treated bovine teeth. Prepared root canals were divided into 4 groups: conventional fiber posts with or without laser application and customized fiber posts with or without laser application. The customization of fiber posts used for the restoration of pulpless teeth resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) greater pull-out test values, a thinner cement layer, and improved retention. 

2021 May/June; 69(3):52-56.

Karen Zemplenyi
James J. Closmann

This article describes a case of metastatic prostate cancer that presented as altered sensation to the gingiva, lips, and chin without radiographic evidence of mandibular pathosis on standard dental imaging. The patient’s cancer was thought to be well controlled with medical therapy but additional testing and imaging revealed widespread metastatic disease. This case reinforces the importance of including metastatic disease in the differential diagnosis.

2021 May/June; 69(3):58-60.

Chhaya Harinkhere
Sanket Hans Pandey
Pallav Mahesh Patni
Pradeep Jain
Swadhin Raghuwanshi
Saddam Ali
Sakshi Bilaiya

An extra root is called a radix entomolaris if it is located distolingually and a radix paramolaris if located mesiobuccally. This article presents 5 cases of radix entomolaris and radix paramolaris in mandibular molars and reviews the literature on these morphologic variations.

2021 May/June; 69(3):61-67.

Fatemeh Mollaverdi
Mohammad Bagher Rezvani
Mahshid Mohammadi Bassir
Sara Valizadeh

A finite element–based comparative analysis of functional stress patterns in composite resin veneers used for diastema closure was performed to determine the influence of factors such as the preparation design, proximal extension, loading level, and loading angle. Based on the results, a partial-preparation design is preferred when nanofilled composite resins are used for diastema closure. 

2021 May/June; 69(3):68-72.

Esra Bihter Gürler
Emre İriboz
Özlem Tuğçe Çilingir Kaya
Dilek Türkaydin
Hesna Sazak Öveçoğlu

This case-control study compared the expression of salivary cortisol, secretory immunoglobulin A, and oxytocin among individuals in 5 study groups: nonpregnant female pulpitis, pregnant female pulpitis, male pulpitis, healthy (nonpregnant) female control, and healthy male control. Oxytocin levels increased significantly in nonpregnant and pregnant women with pulpitis, while cortisol levels were significantly elevated only in pregnant women with pulpitis. The results indicate that acute dental pain during pregnancy can be considered a risk factor due to elevated oxytocin and cortisol levels.

2021 May/June; 69(3):73-77.

Mahkameh Moshfeghi
Fatemeh Tuyserkani

Undetected pulp stones can complicate root canal treatment. Knowledge about the prevalence of this anomaly in specific populations can improve endodontic treatment outcomes. The objective of this study was to use cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) to assess the prevalence of pulp stones in an Iranian subpopulation. In this descriptive, analytical, cross-sectional study, the CBCT scans of 150 (75 female and 75 male) patients aged 15 to 70 years were retrieved from the 2017 to 2018 archives of an Iranian university. A total of 4200 teeth were evaluated for the presence of pulp stones by a senior dental student under the supervision of an experienced oral and maxillofacial radiologist. The panoramic radiographic views were evaluated first, and then each tooth was evaluated on sagittal, coronal, axial, cross-sectional, and multiplanar views with 0.5-mm slice thickness. Data regarding the presence of pulp stones as well as the effects of age, sex, tooth type, and jaw on the presence of pulp stones were analyzed using independent t and chi-square tests. Of 4200 teeth, 571 had pulp stones, yielding prevalence rates of 13.6% in the studied teeth and 76.0% in the study population. The prevalence of pulp stones was higher in female patients, the mandible, anterior teeth, and the mandibular left quadrant. The mandibular left central incisor (tooth 24) had the highest (38.7%) and the maxillary left second premolar (tooth 13) had the lowest (1.3%) prevalence of pulp stones. The high prevalence of pulp stones in this study population suggests that dentists should consider the possible presence of pulp stones when planning endodontic treatment for Iranian patients. 

2021 May/June; 69(3):e1-e5.

Timothy F. Kosinski

2021 May/June; 69(3):6.

Toni M. Roucka

2021 May/June; 69(3):8-9.

Nathan Dinsbach

2021 May/June; 69(3):10-14.

Gaurav Gupta 
Elliot V. Hersh
Katherine N. Theken

2021 May/June; 69(3):15-19.

Larry N. Williams
Purav Shah

2021 May/June; 69(3):20-22.

Tanya M. Gibson

2021 May/June; 69(3):78,80.

2021 May/June; 69(3):79.

João Henrique Rodrigues Rangel
Marcelly da Silva Faria
Thainá Caroline Silva D’Ajuda
Allison Frade Monteiro
Isabela Sandim Souza Leite Weitzel
Laís Regiane Silva-Concílio
Marina Amaral

An in vitro study evaluated the failure load and the shear bond strength of 4 block materials indicated for computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing of dental veneers: lithium disilicate, feldspathic ceramic, polymer-infiltrated ceramic, and nanohybrid composite. The polymer-infiltrated ceramic presented the best performance when bonded to enamel.

2021 May/June; 69(3):24-29.

Eugene G. Bestman
John K. Brooks
Behzad Mostoufi 
Nasir Bashirelahi

Electronic cigarette (EC) use is on a steady rise, leading to increased concerns about its safety with regard to systemic and oral health. The aerosols produced by ECs have been associated with respiratory, cardiac, and central nervous system disease as well as oral mucosal alterations. In addition, ECs may affect kidney and liver function. This article reviews the systemic and oral health concerns associated with EC use.

2021 May/June; 69(3):31-35.

Fereshteh Shafiei
Yasamin Ghahramani

An in vitro evaluation found that endodontic irrigation with sodium hypochlorite and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid had an adverse effect on the fracture strength of maxillary premolars, but presealing of the dentin surfaces of the cavity with self-adhesive flowable composite resin before irrigation significantly increased the fracture strength. 

2021 May/June; 69(3):37-41.

Caroline de Almeida Salles
Clóvis Lamartine de Moraes Melo Neto
Stefan Fiuza de Carvalho Dekon
Mariana Vilela Sônego
Fernanda Pereira de Caxias
Daniela Micheline dos Santos
André Pinheiro de Magalhães Bertoz
Marcelo Coelho Goiato

Comparison of the color stability and microhardness of polyethylene terephthalate glycol/thermoplastic polyurethane (PETG/TPU) and PETG occlusal splint materials after thermocycling and disinfection revealed that both materials demonstrated an increase in hardness after thermocycling and disinfection, and both showed similar color changes regardless of the disinfection method. Liquid soap proved to be the best option for disinfection of PETG/TPU and PETG, because the color change (ΔE* value) was acceptable for both materials.

2021 May/June; 69(3):42-45.

Fereshteh Shafiei
Yasamin Ghahramani
Hajar Farhadpour
Nasrin Asim

This study compared the effects of different combinations of adhesive bases and restorative materials on the fracture strength and fracture mode of maxillary premolars after mineral trioxide aggregate pulpotomy. Unlike glass ionomer cement/amalgam, all of the base/composite restoration groups partly restored the strength of pulpotomized premolars. The group with a short fiber–reinforced composite base demonstrated advantages in both fracture strength and fracture mode compared to groups with a resin-modified glass ionomer cement base.

2021 May/June; 69(3):46-51.

Adriana Cristina Zavanelli
Rosse Mary Falcón-Antenucci
Otavio Marino dos Santos Neto
Ricardo Alexandre Zavanelli
José Vitor Quinelli Mazaro

The effect of fiber post customization and laser application on the results of pull-out tests were evaluated using endodontically treated bovine teeth. Prepared root canals were divided into 4 groups: conventional fiber posts with or without laser application and customized fiber posts with or without laser application. The customization of fiber posts used for the restoration of pulpless teeth resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) greater pull-out test values, a thinner cement layer, and improved retention. 

2021 May/June; 69(3):52-56.

Karen Zemplenyi
James J. Closmann

This article describes a case of metastatic prostate cancer that presented as altered sensation to the gingiva, lips, and chin without radiographic evidence of mandibular pathosis on standard dental imaging. The patient’s cancer was thought to be well controlled with medical therapy but additional testing and imaging revealed widespread metastatic disease. This case reinforces the importance of including metastatic disease in the differential diagnosis.

2021 May/June; 69(3):58-60.

Chhaya Harinkhere
Sanket Hans Pandey
Pallav Mahesh Patni
Pradeep Jain
Swadhin Raghuwanshi
Saddam Ali
Sakshi Bilaiya

An extra root is called a radix entomolaris if it is located distolingually and a radix paramolaris if located mesiobuccally. This article presents 5 cases of radix entomolaris and radix paramolaris in mandibular molars and reviews the literature on these morphologic variations.

2021 May/June; 69(3):61-67.

Fatemeh Mollaverdi
Mohammad Bagher Rezvani
Mahshid Mohammadi Bassir
Sara Valizadeh

A finite element–based comparative analysis of functional stress patterns in composite resin veneers used for diastema closure was performed to determine the influence of factors such as the preparation design, proximal extension, loading level, and loading angle. Based on the results, a partial-preparation design is preferred when nanofilled composite resins are used for diastema closure. 

2021 May/June; 69(3):68-72.

Esra Bihter Gürler
Emre İriboz
Özlem Tuğçe Çilingir Kaya
Dilek Türkaydin
Hesna Sazak Öveçoğlu

This case-control study compared the expression of salivary cortisol, secretory immunoglobulin A, and oxytocin among individuals in 5 study groups: nonpregnant female pulpitis, pregnant female pulpitis, male pulpitis, healthy (nonpregnant) female control, and healthy male control. Oxytocin levels increased significantly in nonpregnant and pregnant women with pulpitis, while cortisol levels were significantly elevated only in pregnant women with pulpitis. The results indicate that acute dental pain during pregnancy can be considered a risk factor due to elevated oxytocin and cortisol levels.

2021 May/June; 69(3):73-77.

Mahkameh Moshfeghi
Fatemeh Tuyserkani

Undetected pulp stones can complicate root canal treatment. Knowledge about the prevalence of this anomaly in specific populations can improve endodontic treatment outcomes. The objective of this study was to use cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) to assess the prevalence of pulp stones in an Iranian subpopulation. In this descriptive, analytical, cross-sectional study, the CBCT scans of 150 (75 female and 75 male) patients aged 15 to 70 years were retrieved from the 2017 to 2018 archives of an Iranian university. A total of 4200 teeth were evaluated for the presence of pulp stones by a senior dental student under the supervision of an experienced oral and maxillofacial radiologist. The panoramic radiographic views were evaluated first, and then each tooth was evaluated on sagittal, coronal, axial, cross-sectional, and multiplanar views with 0.5-mm slice thickness. Data regarding the presence of pulp stones as well as the effects of age, sex, tooth type, and jaw on the presence of pulp stones were analyzed using independent t and chi-square tests. Of 4200 teeth, 571 had pulp stones, yielding prevalence rates of 13.6% in the studied teeth and 76.0% in the study population. The prevalence of pulp stones was higher in female patients, the mandible, anterior teeth, and the mandibular left quadrant. The mandibular left central incisor (tooth 24) had the highest (38.7%) and the maxillary left second premolar (tooth 13) had the lowest (1.3%) prevalence of pulp stones. The high prevalence of pulp stones in this study population suggests that dentists should consider the possible presence of pulp stones when planning endodontic treatment for Iranian patients. 

2021 May/June; 69(3):e1-e5.

Timothy F. Kosinski

2021 May/June; 69(3):6.

Toni M. Roucka

2021 May/June; 69(3):8-9.

Nathan Dinsbach

2021 May/June; 69(3):10-14.

Gaurav Gupta 
Elliot V. Hersh
Katherine N. Theken

2021 May/June; 69(3):15-19.

Larry N. Williams
Purav Shah

2021 May/June; 69(3):20-22.

Tanya M. Gibson

2021 May/June; 69(3):78,80.

2021 May/June; 69(3):79.

João Henrique Rodrigues Rangel
Marcelly da Silva Faria
Thainá Caroline Silva D’Ajuda
Allison Frade Monteiro
Isabela Sandim Souza Leite Weitzel
Laís Regiane Silva-Concílio
Marina Amaral

An in vitro study evaluated the failure load and the shear bond strength of 4 block materials indicated for computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing of dental veneers: lithium disilicate, feldspathic ceramic, polymer-infiltrated ceramic, and nanohybrid composite. The polymer-infiltrated ceramic presented the best performance when bonded to enamel.

2021 May/June; 69(3):24-29.

Eugene G. Bestman
John K. Brooks
Behzad Mostoufi 
Nasir Bashirelahi

Electronic cigarette (EC) use is on a steady rise, leading to increased concerns about its safety with regard to systemic and oral health. The aerosols produced by ECs have been associated with respiratory, cardiac, and central nervous system disease as well as oral mucosal alterations. In addition, ECs may affect kidney and liver function. This article reviews the systemic and oral health concerns associated with EC use.

2021 May/June; 69(3):31-35.

Fereshteh Shafiei
Yasamin Ghahramani

An in vitro evaluation found that endodontic irrigation with sodium hypochlorite and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid had an adverse effect on the fracture strength of maxillary premolars, but presealing of the dentin surfaces of the cavity with self-adhesive flowable composite resin before irrigation significantly increased the fracture strength. 

2021 May/June; 69(3):37-41.

Caroline de Almeida Salles
Clóvis Lamartine de Moraes Melo Neto
Stefan Fiuza de Carvalho Dekon
Mariana Vilela Sônego
Fernanda Pereira de Caxias
Daniela Micheline dos Santos
André Pinheiro de Magalhães Bertoz
Marcelo Coelho Goiato

Comparison of the color stability and microhardness of polyethylene terephthalate glycol/thermoplastic polyurethane (PETG/TPU) and PETG occlusal splint materials after thermocycling and disinfection revealed that both materials demonstrated an increase in hardness after thermocycling and disinfection, and both showed similar color changes regardless of the disinfection method. Liquid soap proved to be the best option for disinfection of PETG/TPU and PETG, because the color change (ΔE* value) was acceptable for both materials.

2021 May/June; 69(3):42-45.

Fereshteh Shafiei
Yasamin Ghahramani
Hajar Farhadpour
Nasrin Asim

This study compared the effects of different combinations of adhesive bases and restorative materials on the fracture strength and fracture mode of maxillary premolars after mineral trioxide aggregate pulpotomy. Unlike glass ionomer cement/amalgam, all of the base/composite restoration groups partly restored the strength of pulpotomized premolars. The group with a short fiber–reinforced composite base demonstrated advantages in both fracture strength and fracture mode compared to groups with a resin-modified glass ionomer cement base.

2021 May/June; 69(3):46-51.

Adriana Cristina Zavanelli
Rosse Mary Falcón-Antenucci
Otavio Marino dos Santos Neto
Ricardo Alexandre Zavanelli
José Vitor Quinelli Mazaro

The effect of fiber post customization and laser application on the results of pull-out tests were evaluated using endodontically treated bovine teeth. Prepared root canals were divided into 4 groups: conventional fiber posts with or without laser application and customized fiber posts with or without laser application. The customization of fiber posts used for the restoration of pulpless teeth resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) greater pull-out test values, a thinner cement layer, and improved retention. 

2021 May/June; 69(3):52-56.

Karen Zemplenyi
James J. Closmann

This article describes a case of metastatic prostate cancer that presented as altered sensation to the gingiva, lips, and chin without radiographic evidence of mandibular pathosis on standard dental imaging. The patient’s cancer was thought to be well controlled with medical therapy but additional testing and imaging revealed widespread metastatic disease. This case reinforces the importance of including metastatic disease in the differential diagnosis.

2021 May/June; 69(3):58-60.

Chhaya Harinkhere
Sanket Hans Pandey
Pallav Mahesh Patni
Pradeep Jain
Swadhin Raghuwanshi
Saddam Ali
Sakshi Bilaiya

An extra root is called a radix entomolaris if it is located distolingually and a radix paramolaris if located mesiobuccally. This article presents 5 cases of radix entomolaris and radix paramolaris in mandibular molars and reviews the literature on these morphologic variations.

2021 May/June; 69(3):61-67.

Fatemeh Mollaverdi
Mohammad Bagher Rezvani
Mahshid Mohammadi Bassir
Sara Valizadeh

A finite element–based comparative analysis of functional stress patterns in composite resin veneers used for diastema closure was performed to determine the influence of factors such as the preparation design, proximal extension, loading level, and loading angle. Based on the results, a partial-preparation design is preferred when nanofilled composite resins are used for diastema closure. 

2021 May/June; 69(3):68-72.

Esra Bihter Gürler
Emre İriboz
Özlem Tuğçe Çilingir Kaya
Dilek Türkaydin
Hesna Sazak Öveçoğlu

This case-control study compared the expression of salivary cortisol, secretory immunoglobulin A, and oxytocin among individuals in 5 study groups: nonpregnant female pulpitis, pregnant female pulpitis, male pulpitis, healthy (nonpregnant) female control, and healthy male control. Oxytocin levels increased significantly in nonpregnant and pregnant women with pulpitis, while cortisol levels were significantly elevated only in pregnant women with pulpitis. The results indicate that acute dental pain during pregnancy can be considered a risk factor due to elevated oxytocin and cortisol levels.

2021 May/June; 69(3):73-77.

Mahkameh Moshfeghi
Fatemeh Tuyserkani

Undetected pulp stones can complicate root canal treatment. Knowledge about the prevalence of this anomaly in specific populations can improve endodontic treatment outcomes. The objective of this study was to use cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) to assess the prevalence of pulp stones in an Iranian subpopulation. In this descriptive, analytical, cross-sectional study, the CBCT scans of 150 (75 female and 75 male) patients aged 15 to 70 years were retrieved from the 2017 to 2018 archives of an Iranian university. A total of 4200 teeth were evaluated for the presence of pulp stones by a senior dental student under the supervision of an experienced oral and maxillofacial radiologist. The panoramic radiographic views were evaluated first, and then each tooth was evaluated on sagittal, coronal, axial, cross-sectional, and multiplanar views with 0.5-mm slice thickness. Data regarding the presence of pulp stones as well as the effects of age, sex, tooth type, and jaw on the presence of pulp stones were analyzed using independent t and chi-square tests. Of 4200 teeth, 571 had pulp stones, yielding prevalence rates of 13.6% in the studied teeth and 76.0% in the study population. The prevalence of pulp stones was higher in female patients, the mandible, anterior teeth, and the mandibular left quadrant. The mandibular left central incisor (tooth 24) had the highest (38.7%) and the maxillary left second premolar (tooth 13) had the lowest (1.3%) prevalence of pulp stones. The high prevalence of pulp stones in this study population suggests that dentists should consider the possible presence of pulp stones when planning endodontic treatment for Iranian patients. 

2021 May/June; 69(3):e1-e5.